To trade the stock market effectively, you need a plan to pick out the stock
    that could outperform others. Here’s an example of a plan for trading
    that uses a stock’s relative yield to the broad market and technical
    analysis.
    By Thom Hartle.
Malley explains how to determine the appropriate amount of leverage for
    commodity trading.
    By J.M. Malley.
Identify trading opportunities for the stock indices with the option premium
    ratio.
    By Christopher Cadbury.
After you’ve gained some experience with trading, you’ll begin
    to notice that the market you trade has some typical characteristics. Have
    you ever considered quantifying them? Here are some ideas on the subject.
    By Thom Hartle.
Here’s a method to graphically display the signal status for a group
    of indicators as well as an algorithm for generating a consensus indicator
    that shows when these indicators are in sync. The methods described can be
    used with any group of indicators.
    By Norm North.
What goes through the mind of someone designing a neural network trading
    system? Last month, James Stakelum explained some of the steps involved in
    putting together a neural network. This time, he talks about the choices
    he made to design a neural network to apply to the financial markets specifically.
    By James Stakelum.
How do your emotions affect your trading? The founder of Trading on Target
    discusses ways to break emotional patterns that hinder your trading success.
    By Adrienne Laris Toghraie.
Presented here are the ins and outs of the commodity channel index, as defined
    by creator Donald Lambert and modified by the author.
    By D.W. Davies.
Jerry Wagner, president of Flexible Plan Investments, Ltd., of Bloomfield
    Hills, MI, currently has approximately $200 million under management. His
    firm was the top-ranked market timer for the last seven years in the MoniResearch
    newsletter’s 1993 annual survey of market timer performance. He is
    a founding member of the Society of Asset Allocators and Fund Timers (Saafti),
    a nonprofit trade association of registered investment advisory firms that
    manage client assets with market timing. STOCKS & COMMODITIES Editor
    Thom Hartle interviewed Wagner on October 27, 1994, via telephone and discussed
    how market timing can improve investment returns and how he uses the political
    climate as an indicator.
    By Thom Hartle.
Behold! Macintosh v. 2.2
    SuperCharts (Omega Research).
Testing indicators to confirm viability is always important, and here, two
    indicators that stand up to historical testing are presented and then used
    to develop a simple mutual fund switch system.
    By Nelson Freeburg.
Curious about how state of mind plays a role in trading? This author has
    studied investment surveys that detail bullish and bearish states of mind
    of advisors and investors and he has identified patterns that indicate trading
    opportunities for stocks and stock indices.
    By Christopher Cadbury.
Here are statistical ways to measure the correlation between data and to
    combine two data series to form a new one.
    By Clifford J. Sherry, PhD.
Here’s how to find the appropriate leverage for stock trading and
    researching leverage with a simulated portfolio.
    By J.M. Malley.
Successful trading requires the willingness to commit to specific objectives.
    Here, psychiatrist Ari Kiev explains how to center your state of mind to
    optimize your trading.
    By Ari Kiev, MD.
The year 1994 will be known for the debacle in the derivatives markets.
    But what are these instruments that seem to have left a number of money managers
    holding the proverbial bag? To answer this question and others, we spoke
    to Mary Pugh, former senior vice president of Washington Mutual Savings Bank
    and now a fixed-income money manager in Seattle, WA. We spoke to Pugh about
    the mortgage-backed securities market, how it works, what the instruments
    derived from mortgages are all about and more.
    By Thom Hartle.
Trend channels are a method by which to identify the outer boundaries of
    a trend. A number of methods are based on the technician’s judgment
    to identify the components of a trend channel. Here’s one method that
    reduces the need for seasoned judgment by using two statistical methods to
    determine the components of a trend channel.
    By Bob McCullough.
Auditrack
    Reuters Money Network Platinum Service
    Visual Pattern Designer Professional.
The S&P futures market is dominated by anti-trend traders. It’s
    a fact: It’s a tough market to trade using trend-following approaches.
    But if you can’t beat ’em, why not join ’em?
    By Tushar S. Chande.
Trading methods don’t have to be complex; indeed, they can be very
    simple. Here’s one that will help you trade Eurodollars.
    By George Panagakis.
Most technically based traders become familiar with the classic chart patterns
    because those patterns give the trader visual evidence of the demand/supply
    balance of a stock. Interpreting the chart accurately can give you an early
    warning about your next trading opportunity. Here, the cup-with-handle pattern,
    a relatively new chart formation, is examined.
    By Gregory Kuhn.
By now, much has been written about the Internet, the international computer
    users’ network. But details have not been as forthcoming. How can Internet
    help traders and investors?
    By Suzanne Withers, PhD.
Sooner or later, many traders encounter problems limiting their success.
    Often, the solutions are available but people resist changing. Why do they
    do that, anyway? Toghraie explains how to overcome resistance.
    By Adrienne Laris Toghraie.
There seems to be a connection between engineering and investing. Like Jack
    Hutson, the publisher of STOCKS & COMMODITIES, John Sosnowy of the Sosnowy
    Investment Management Co. (Simco), Cameron, TX, was an engineer before he
    turned to the world of finance. He changed careers in 1969, leaving the engineering
    field to work as a stockbroker for a major brokerage firm before starting
    up his own investment advisory concern in 1984. We interviewed John Sosnowy,
    covering the concept of tactical asset allocation, how to design a market
    model and what indicators to use, the funds he particularly likes, determining
    the amount of risk an investor is most comfortable with and the secret to
    making a profit in the market.
    By Thom Hartle.
Here’s a recent trade in foreign currencies what was used, the reasoning
    behind it and the outcome. Take a look.
    By D. W. Davies.
How do you use trendlines? It’s one of the most basic tools of investment
    analysis, yet it’s not explained as clearly as it might. If you’re
    just starting out, here’s the scoop. Or if you’re an old pro,
    here’s a refresher.
    By Bruce R. Faber.
What you see is not necessarily what you get. What you see for prices on
    your computer screen may not be what’s really going on in the commodity
    pits. Some prices that appear on your screen may even be canceled. How’s
    that? Here’s how.
    By Joe DiNapoli.
Binomial Market Model, v. A.08
    Monocle
    HyCharts Option Master for the Newton
    Stock Doctor, v. 3.13
    Mesa for Windows, v. 1.5
    Thinks, v. 103.
What impact does the variability of the market have on the price of an individual
    stock? This S&C contributor suggests a way to measure the impact of the
    Standard & Poor’s 500 on your favorite stock.
    By Clifford J. Sherry, PhD.
Seasoned traders know that relationships exist between markets. In theory,
    if fundamentals move one market in one direction, then another market may
    also move in the same direction or show a propensity to move in the opposite
    direction. These intermarket relationships are often referred to as linked
    markets. Can traders use this information? Indeed they can. Here are some
    ways.
    By Thom Hartle.
Markets are either trending or in a trading range marking time until the
    next trend. It follows, then, that a potential trading concept is to identify
    the trading range and wait for the new trend to start. Here’s one method
    for identifying a trading range and the results of trading the breakout.
    By Alex Saitta.
The parabolic stop and reversal indicator is a popular trading tool, but
    it’s subject to false signals. Here’s how it can be modified
    to improve its performance.
    By Dennis Meyers.
Leverage is a key factor in trading, but few traders understand its importance.
    Here, Malley concludes his work on the subject.
    By J. M. Malley.
Charles Kirkpatrick II is not only a market researcher and money manager,
    but he also holds the distinction of being the first recipient of the Charles
    H. Dow Award for technical analysts. This award, which is cosponsored by
    Barron’s, the Market Technicians Association (Mta) and Dow Jones Telerate,
    is based on the best article submitted to the Mta. STOCKS & COMMODITIES
    spoke with Kirkpatrick about the research that led him to his award-winning
    theories, how he selects stocks, his thoughts on risk management and more.
    By Thom Hartle.
Here’s the scoop on the volatility index as an analytical tool for
    identifying extremes in market sentiment.
    By S. Jack Karczewski.
Here’s a little-known indicator that combines price change and volume
    to create a short-term and an intermediate-term trading tool.
    By John A. Sarkett.
The New Science of Technical Analysis R.N. Elliott’s Masterworks
    Mathcad Plus 5.0 for Windows
    Finance Pack for Mathematica for Windows 2.2.3.
The Titanic syndrome is a stock market timing system built on various stock
    market indicators. As with all trading systems, additional refinements are
    possible on the original. Here, then, is one trader’s double set of
    modifications on the original Titanic syndrome system.
    By Dennis Meyers.
The tick index may appear to be one of the simplest of market indicators,
    but it also offers insight into market psychology. As a stand-alone indicator,
    the tick index has its place in the technician’s toolbox, but combining
    the tick index with candlestick charting, another technical method for spotting
    changes in market trends, creates a potent combination.
    By Tim Ord.
Picking the tops and bottoms of the market has always been the dream of
    traders. Is it necessary, though? Here are the results of using a long-term
    momentum indicator based on the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA).
    By Jay Kaeppel.
What can investors do to overcome adverse market conditions? You could try
    using a covered call strategy. This strategic planner and analyst recounts
    a series of trades he executed using a covered-call options strategy in a
    high-technology stock.
    By Lawrence Serven.
Waiting until the end of the day for a trading signal may be an unnecessary
    delay for your trading system. How can we get around it? Here’s one
    trader’s method of improving a system by using more than one time period
    for market signals.
    By Gene Carey.
Thomas R. DeMark has been called “the ultimate indicator and systems
    guy” with the publication of his well-received book, The New Science
    of Technical Analysis. Who is he and what has he done that deserves
    such accolades? STOCKS & COMMODITIES interviewed DeMark about his trading
    philosophies and how he explored the frontiers of technical analysis using
    basic techniques.
    By Thom Hartle.
Have you ever wondered how accurate the consensus estimates of interest
    rates were from the top US economists? How about how accurate those economists
    are in comparison with neural net technology? Here’s how to use neural
    nets to forecast rates.
    By Milam Aiken.
Overcome psychological impediments to your trading. This psychiatrist discusses
    how to maximize trading performance by committing to specific financial results.
    Ari Kiev, M.D.
Time to Trade
    U.S. Equity OnFloppy version 4.0
    Tradeline Electronic Stock Guide
    The Institutional Report
    Power Plus.
Here’s a trading system based on a price pattern and which uses the
    Standard & Poor’s 500 index as a test case.
    By Adam White.
Here’s a new indicator based on the change in a day’s trading
    range as evidence of the start of a new trend in a market.
    By Jack L. Weinberg.
Even as you read this, the candlestick charting technique, with its origins
    in Japan, is being absorbed into the ways of Western technical analysis.
    Here’s how candlestick charting can be used for a typically Western
    technical analysis strategy.
    By John H. Forman III.
The optimum predictive filter is the difference between a technical indicator,
    such as the relative strength indicator or stochastics, and its exponential
    moving average. Here, we describe it, how to generate it, and how it can
    be used. It cannot be used in all market conditions but carefully observing
    when it can be used can make it a valuable weapon in your technical arsenal.
    By John F. Ehlers.
Exchange rates fluctuate on a second to second basis, but the long-term
    trends can be understood by using an indicator based on the ratio of inflation
    rates. The case in point? The recent Mexican peso debacle.
    By John Kean.
Market traders and advisors use sentiment surveys as a tool to identify
    extreme bullishness or bearishness. Here, then, is one trader’s research
    into identifying what the best levels of a sentiment survey are for trading
    Treasury bond futures.
    By Lee Ang.
Perry Kaufman began his career in the field of trading and market research
    in 1971. Since then, he has been a money manager, consultant and author of
    six books, including the popular Commodity Trading Systems and Methods.
    His most recent book, Smarter Trading, presents his perspective
    of the key issues in trading and designing systems. Today, he writes and
    edits the quarterly report “Kaufman on Market Analysis,” which
    he publishes from his farm in Vermont. STOCKS & COMMODITIES interviewed
    Perry Kaufman about how markets evolve, ways to manage risk, designing a
    trading system and his views on the use of computers to validate trading
    strategies.
    By Thom Hartle.
Stock Selector System
    Moore Research Center Report
    Net Money
    The Little Book of Investing
    Beyond Candlesticks
    NeuralWorks Predict for Windows, version 1.0
    FastTrack, version 3.5
    Getting Started in Stocks
    Electric Scorecard II, version 6.0c
    Neural Net Tutor, version 1.0 for Windows
    Money Maker for Windows, version 2.0.
Projection bands, a new method using trading bands, projects market data
    forward along the data trend with the maxima and minima of the projections
    defining the band. The method provides another means of signaling potential
    changes for market direction relative to the trend.
    By Mel Widner, PhD.
Filtering is simply processing price data to remove extraneous, noisy, information.
    What’s left after filtering can be considered to be the more important
    and perhaps tradable information. Here’s a method to filter price data
    for reliable patterns as well as some suggested trading plans.
    By Scott Barrie.
Traditional point & figure charting is one of the oldest methods known
    in technical analysis. The technique is unique because it only records the
    direction and change in price while ignoring the passage of time. But it
    has certain disadvantages; for example, it is virtually impossible to adjust
    a point & figure plot for stock splits or dividends without replotting
    the whole chart. Making each box represent a fixed percentage change a logarithmic
    scale has several advantages. Here’s what they are.
    By William G.S. Brown.
Here are some more nuances for trading stocks based on the charting pattern
    called the cup-with-handle pattern introduced by William O’Neil.
    By Gregory Kuhn.
This indicator expresses buy and sell signals based on user-defined percentage
    changes in a market. The UD% price change indicator is compared with a simple
    moving average crossover and two different channel breakout systems using
    the Standard & Poor’s 500 index as an example.
    By Dennis Meyers.
Many STOCKS & COMMODITIES readers dream of trading for a living; they
    fantasize about giving up their humdrum day-to-day job and focusing on the
    opportunities in leveraged markets such as futures. But as everyone knows,
    dreams and realities are usually far apart. Can it be done? Can you be an
    overnight success? Meet Joseph Stowell, a former schoolteacher who patiently
    worked at trading for more than 20 years before realizing his dream of trading
    for a living. Stowell spoke to S&C about how he did it, what it takes
    to trade successfully, his way of trading Treasury bond futures and more.
    By Thom Hartle.
Does the part of the brain that influences you the most affect how you trade?
    The founder of Trading on Target explains the importance of using skills
    that are built on both intuitive and deductive mental processes.
    By Adrienne Laris Toghraie.
TT ChartBook version C
    MetaStock for Windows version 5
    TradeStation version 3.5.
Here’s a new indicator for trading the Standard & Poor’s
    500 index, based on the relative performance of the Dow Jones Utilities Average
    to the S&P. Trading rules and supportive studies are also provided.
    By dennis Meyers, PhD.
Here’s a comparison of the historical dividend yield of the S&P
    500 on a monthly basis and what the 10-year total return for the S&P
    was after each observation of the dividend yield.
    By Elliott Middleton, PhD.
There are various ways to select what stocks to trade. Here’s a method
    that combines fundamental value and technical analysis as a way to select
    a stock, and a real-world trading situation on which it was applied.
    By Thom Hartle.
Here’s some helpful advice to novices who are considering trading
    commodity futures. This should give you some idea of what’s involved.
    And whether you should.
    By Jay Kaeppel.
This psychiatrist, who teaches strategies for trading success, discusses
    the identification and management of psychological stopping points that can
    limit your success as a trader.
    By Ari Kiev, MD.
The question is as old as technical analysis itself: Does the market trend?
    Here’s a method to determine the degree to which markets trend historically.
    In addition, there’s a comparison of various markets based on the observable
    degree of trend.
    By Alex Saitta.
What should you consider when you’re designing or testing a trading
    system? Here are some hints that may help you.
    By Mike DeAmicis-Roberts.
Pattern recognition is used to standardize and categorize market behavior
    into quantifiable market movements. After a collection of patterns have been
    identified, the market movement following each pattern can be measured. This
    post-pattern description can be used as a forecasting tool. In this article,
    Merrill waves are used as the basis for the patterns and forecasting.
    By Scott W. Barrie.
Looking back on decades of market activity can give anyone a certain perspective,
    and Justin Mamis, who writes the Mamis Letter, a newsletter for
    Hancock Institutional Equity Services that is a joint venture of Tucker Anthony
    and Sutro & Co., certainly has the experience to speak about. He became
    interested in the stock market in the post-Korean War period, and in the
    ensuing four decades has seen tops and bottoms, been an executive at the
    New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), worked in a specialist firm, traded options
    on the American Stock Exchange (ASE), seen the development of trading instruments
    that were unheard of when he started out, and experienced and not necessarily
    to his liking the introduction of a tool that is nearly ubiquitous today,
    the personal computer. STOCKS & COMMODITIES spoke with him about how
    the markets, money managers and technical analysis itself have changed over
    the years.
    By Thom Hartle.
Asset Allocator
    DataCaster
    NetCaster
    OptionVue IV, version 1.70
    Signal for Windows.
Technical indicators, and oscillators in particular, measure the behavior
    of price relative to time. For example, the rate of change oscillator calculates
    the percentage change in price over a set period. That said, now consider
    an indicator that reverses the roles of price to time and measures the passage
    of time relative to price. This article details such an indicator, presenting
    numerous applications.
    By Tushar S. Chande.
Cycle theorists will tell you that there may be tradable cycles within market
    data. Before looking for those cycles, though, you must determine the noise
    level within the data. Here are some methods to do so in this, the first
    of two parts.
    By Robert Wayman.
Oscillators come in many shapes and forms. Here, one unique oscillator is
    analyzed to determine patterns and the results in the stock market after
    a particular pattern occurs.
    By Christopher Cadbury.
Philosophically, technicians and fundamentalists appear to be at odds: One
    group studies underlying factors driving the market, while the other focuses
    on the market itself. Technical approaches count on the existence of price
    trends to make profitable strategies, but fundamentalists count on trends,
    too. Here, one market analyst reviews the differences and similarities between
    the two.
    By Alex Saitta.
The relative volatility index was designed to measure the direction of volatility.
    Since it was first introduced, however, its developer has not simply rested
    on his laurels; here are further refinements on the original.
    By Donald Dorsey.
Do you ever feel too tired to go on trading? Do you feel as though you’re
    losing the mental energy to even think about trading? You may be suffering
    from burnout. Here are some hints to overcome or avoid the problems that
    can come with trading.
    By Adrienne Laris Toghraie.
Stocks perform best when interest rates are declining, but rate levels can
    make a difference. Here’s how.
    By Mark C. Snead.
Robert Krausz, who was featured in Jack Schwager’s The New Market
      Wizards, is many things: He is a trader, a student of the market,
      and a practicing hypnotherapist as well as a special investment advisor
      to the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. With that background
      in mind, STOCKS & COMMODITIES spoke with Krausz about the steps to
      successful trading, the role of the subconscious for traders, and other
      topics.
    By Thom Hartle.
Smarter Trading
    Advanced Get, version 6.05
    Option Simulator/Real-Time, version 1.0
    Tools for Timing.
Moving averages have been used for decades to smooth out the noise in the
    prices of tradables. Here’s an entry in the category, one that may
    provide a more accurate representation of market trends and turn out to be
    a more sensitive indicator of trend changes.
    By Patrick E. Lafferty.
High-powered breakouts occur with a strong surge of momentum in the direction
    of the price change. Such breakouts may be short-lived, however, occurring
    toward the latter stages of a long trend. Sometimes, such breakouts signal
    the end of one trend and the beginning of another. In either case, identifying
    such market action early is likely to be highly profitable. Here, Contributing
    Editor Tushar Chande shows how you can use his original indicators, Vidya
    and the dynamic momentum index, to find big market moves.
    By Tushar S. Chande.
Choosing an options spread strategy depends in part on individual psychology
    about market conditions. By understanding how emotions affect behavior, traders
    can add precision to their options spread positions.
    By Steven P. Schinke, PhD.
In this increasingly complicated world, it’s a comfort to hear that
    indicators don’t have to be complicated to work well, as Andrew Addison
    of The Addison Report will tell you. Addison, who edits and publishes
    the newsletter, which is aimed at individual investors and stockbrokers,
    uses his law-school training to boil down what’s important and eliminate
    the peripherals a handy thing for those who subscribe to the Report,
    as well as The Institutional View, his publication for professional
    fund managers. As Addison points out, he doesn’t just try to find things
    that work, as we all do, but also things that are simple as well. STOCKS & COMMODITIES
    quizzed him about his views on stocks, bonds, gold and other markets using
    technical and fundamental analysis.
    By Thom Hartle.
There’s a statistically significant bias in the weekly trading of
    the Standard & Poor’s 100 index, in that the week that options
    expire is noticeably stronger than the week that follows. Statistics that
    check for significantly different means and ratios can help options traders
    detect these patterns. Not only that, options expiration patterns can also
    be useful neural network inputs.
    By David K. Moy.
Here’s how the elements of a successful trading plan profits, losses,
    commissions and slippage can be used to quantify performance goals.
    By Gene Carey.
How does whipsaw magnitude affect a simple moving average system? Here’s
    a common solution for the problems of the SMA.
    By Robert Wayman.
This measure of market sentiment uses options trading volume to measure
    crowd psychology. Here’s one use of the ratio.
    By Lawrence G. McMillan.
Compilation: Books on trading
    SuperCharts 3.0
    Optionomics OnLine System 2.01.
Here’s a charting technique that’s available in most of today’s
    popular software. If you’re not familiar with it, here are some tips
    to using it. If you are familiar with it, it’s time for a refresher.
    By Barbara Star, PhD.
This well-known money manager believes that managed futures should be a
    part of your portfolio. Here’s why.
    By Victor Sperandeo.
Are you looking for a trading system that’s elementary by design,
    yet effective for trading using entry and exit rules? Were you also thinking
    that it should be based on weekly charts? Well, you’ve found it. Take
    a look.
    By George Panagakis .
Designing a trading system is simply establishing a set of rules and back-testing
    them in the market. And there are different approaches and different markets
    to trade. Here’s one example of developing a system to time entries
    into and exits out of municipal bond funds.
    By Dennis Meyers.
This psychiatrist, who teaches strategies for successful trading, discusses
    the identification and management of the fear of success.
    By Ari Kiev, MD.
What makes a trader a winner? It’s hard to say. Laurence Connors,
    who is the co-author of Investment Secrets of a Hedge Fund Manager and
    the president of money managers Connors, Bassett & Associates, thinks
    it’s all a matter of finding a personal method that works for each
    individual. STOCKS & COMMODITIES asked him about trading news reversals,
    why he likes to use average directional movement (Adx), why he doesn’t
    worry when he has a string of losses, why he doesn’t like mechanical
    trading systems and why he doesn’t use oscillators.
    By Thom Hartle.
Here’s an indicator developed by J. Welles Wilder Jr. that determines
    the true direction of the market by comparing today’s trading range
    with yesterday’s activity.
    By Bruce R. Faber.
VectorVest ProGraphics, version 1
    Personal Hotline, version 6.8
    A Private Tutorial with Bill Williams
    Aiq TradingExpert for Windows.
What techniques do some of today’s money managers using neural nets
    use? Here’s a glimpse.
    By Steve Ward and Marge Sherald.
Traders use technical tools in different ways at different times. Here,
    then, is one trader’s idea on how to use this technical tool to identify
    major market trends.
    By Jeanette Schwarz Young.
Markets move from trading ranges to trends and back into trading ranges.
    Presented here are methods to identify the trading opportunities based on
    identifying trading ranges.
    By Joe Luisi.
Here’s what a professional trader believes are important mental skills
    to trading.
    By Bruce C. Kramer.
There’s nothing like a little perspective to give insight especially
    when that perspective comes in the form of trading for nearly four decades.
    Trader Joe Ross is one of the rare breed of trader, one who has seen the
    world change in front of him and been able to adapt to its changes. Further,
    Ross had a mentor long before that word came in vogue to teach him the ropes
    of trading. STOCKS & COMMODITIES spoke with Joe Ross on a variety of
    topics, among them how to get mentally prepared to make larger trades, why
    discipline is important, why seasonality is important, how he started day
    trading, how fundamental analysis works into all this and the true way to
    make money trading by not going for the big score, just taking from the markets
    on a day-to-day basis.
    By Thom Hartle.
Here’s an article based on the author’s own research of neural
    networks and personal experience developing neural net trading models. These
    findings are more from the practical/user-oriented framework rather than
    from a scientific research standpoint.
    By Kyle M. Druey.
You can’t be a good trader without being a good analyst. But the two
    are not synonymous: Just because you’re a good analyst doesn’t
    guarantee you’ll be a good trader. To the accomplished analyst, trading
    is a mental game 80% of the time, but one for which he or she is poorly prepared.
    Here’s how you can hasten the transition from analyst to trader.
    By Tushar S. Chande, PhD.
Shiva version 1.0
    Dow Jones Private Investor Edition
    Quantitative Trading & Money Management
    SignalCard
    Fundamental Analysis
    Stock Prophet version 2.0
    Momentum, Direction, and Divergence.